China (Beijing) (n = 128) | Germany (n = 131) | Significant difference | |
Joint development of solutions in R & D co-operations | 76.6% | 66.4% | ° |
Consultancy of internal developers by external experts | 58.6% | 43.5% | * |
Training of own personnel with a view to R & D competences | 49.2% | 52.7% | - |
Permanent hiring of new personnel with R & D capabilities | 36.7% | 30.5% | - |
Temporary hiring of ext. personnel with R & D capabilities | 36.7% | 6.9% | *** |
Licensing of existing (invention) patents | 35.9% | 11.5% | *** |
Provision of results developed in the course of past projects | 26.6% | 27.5% | - |
Outsourcing of R & D projects | 19.5% | 9.9% | * |
Licensing of existing utility models | 9.4% | 0.0% | *** |